Pa Madzulo: Mizinda Yomira mu Utsi

Kumayambiriro kwa Kusintha kwa Zamalonda m'zaka za m'ma 1800, mizinda ikuluikulu monga London ndi Paris inakula kwambiri, pomwe zomangamanga za m'mizinda zinakhalabe za m'zaka za m'ma 1900. Zinyalala za anthu, madzi otayirira am'nyumba, ndi zinyalala za m'nyumba zophera nyama zinkatayidwa nthawi zonse m'ngalande zotseguka kapena mwachindunji m'mitsinje yapafupi. Kulanda "anthu ogwira ntchito usiku" kunayamba kuchotsa zinyalala, komabe zambiri zomwe ankasonkhanitsa zinkangotayidwa pansi pa mtsinje.

Panthawiyo, Mtsinje wa Thames unali gwero lalikulu la madzi akumwa ku London komanso chimbudzi chake chachikulu chotseguka. Mitembo ya nyama, zinyalala zomwe zinali kuvunda, ndi ndowe za anthu zinkayandama mumtsinjewo, zikuwira ndi kuphulika padzuwa. Nzika zolemera nthawi zambiri zinkaphika madzi awo asanamwe, kapena kuwasintha ndi mowa kapena mowa wochuluka, pomwe anthu a m'madera otsika analibe chochita koma kumwa madzi a mumtsinje osakonzedwa.

Ma Catalyst: Fungo Lalikulu ndi Mapu a Imfa

Chaka cha 1858 chinali chaka chosintha kwambiri pamene kunabuka “Fungo Lalikulu.” Chilimwe chotentha kwambiri chinapangitsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe ziwole kwambiri mumtsinje wa Thames, kutulutsa utsi wambiri wa hydrogen sulfide womwe unaphimba mzinda wa London komanso kulowa m'makatani a Nyumba za Nyumba ya Malamulo. Opanga malamulo anakakamizika kuphimba mawindo ndi nsalu yonyowa ndi laimu, ndipo zochitika za nyumba yamalamulo zinatsala pang'ono kuyimitsidwa.

Pakadali pano, Dr John Snow anali kukonza mapu ake otchuka a "mapu a imfa ya kolera". Pa nthawi ya mliri wa kolera mu 1854 m'boma la Soho ku London, Snow anachita kafukufuku wa khomo ndi khomo ndipo anapeza kuti ambiri mwa anthu omwe anamwalira anali pa pampu imodzi yamadzi ya anthu onse pa Broad Street. Potsutsa maganizo a anthu ambiri, anachotsa chogwirira cha pampu, kenako mliriwo unachepa kwambiri.

Zonsezi pamodzi zinavumbula chowonadi chofanana: kusakaniza madzi otayira ndi madzi akumwa kunayambitsa imfa zambiri. Chiphunzitso chachikulu cha "miasma", chomwe chinkanena kuti matenda amafalikira kudzera mu mpweya woipa, chinayamba kutaya chikhulupiriro. Umboni wochirikiza kufalikira kwa matenda m'madzi unawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo m'zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, pang'onopang'ono unasintha chiphunzitso cha miasma.

Chozizwitsa cha Uinjiniya: Kubadwa kwa Tchalitchi Chachikulu cha Pansi pa Dziko

Pambuyo pa Fungo Lalikulu, London inakakamizika kuchitapo kanthu. Sir Joseph Bazalgette anapereka dongosolo lalikulu: lomanga makilomita 132 a zimbudzi zotchingira madzi otayira madzi omangidwa ndi njerwa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Thames, kusonkhanitsa madzi otayira kuchokera mumzinda wonse ndikutumiza kum'mawa kuti akatulutsidwe ku Beckton.

Ntchito yaikuluyi, yomwe inatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi (1859-1865), inalemba ntchito antchito oposa 30,000 ndipo inagwiritsa ntchito njerwa zoposa 300 miliyoni. Ma ngalande omwe anamalizidwa anali akuluakulu okwanira kuti ngolo zokokedwa ndi akavalo zidutsemo ndipo pambuyo pake anadziwika kuti ndi "matchalitchi akuluakulu apansi pa nthaka" a nthawi ya Victorian. Kumalizidwa kwa njira zoyeretsera zinyalala ku London kunasonyeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zamakono zoyeretsera madzi m'matauni - kusiya kudalira kusungunuka kwachilengedwe kupita ku kusonkhanitsa ndi kunyamula zinthu zodetsa.

Kuyamba kwa Chithandizo: Kuchokera ku Kusamutsa Kupita ku Kuyeretsa

Komabe, kusamutsa kosavuta kunangosintha vutoli. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, ukadaulo woyambirira wosamalira madzi otayira unayamba kuonekera:

Mu 1889, fakitale yoyamba padziko lonse yoyeretsera madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala inamangidwa ku Salford, UK, pogwiritsa ntchito laimu ndi mchere wachitsulo kuti ikhazikitse zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa.

Mu 1893, Exeter adayambitsa fyuluta yoyamba yothira madzi m'thupi, kupopera madzi otayira pa miyala yophwanyika pomwe mafilimu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ankawononga zinthu zachilengedwe. Dongosololi linakhala maziko a ukadaulo wa zamoyo.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ofufuza ku Lawrence Experiment Station ku Massachusetts anaona matope odzaza ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amapangika panthawi yoyesera mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali. Kupeza kumeneku kunavumbula mphamvu yodabwitsa yoyeretsa ya magulu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo, mkati mwa zaka khumi zotsatira, kunasanduka njira yotchuka yotulutsira matope.

Kudzuka: Kuchokera ku Ufulu Wapamwamba kupita ku Ufulu Wapagulu

Poganizira nthawi yophunzirira imeneyi, kusintha kwakukulu kutatu kumaonekera:

Pomvetsetsa, kuyambira kuwona fungo loipa ngati vuto chabe mpaka kuzindikira madzi otayira ngati choyambitsa matenda oopsa;

Mu udindo, kuyambira pa ntchito ya munthu aliyense mpaka udindo wa anthu wotsogozedwa ndi boma;

Mu ukadaulo, kuyambira kutulutsa madzi m'thupi mpaka kusonkhanitsa ndi kuchiza.

Ntchito zokonzanso zinthu zoyambirira nthawi zambiri zinkayendetsedwa ndi anthu apamwamba omwe ankavutika mwachindunji ndi fungo loipali - aphungu a nyumba yamalamulo ku London, akatswiri a mafakitale ku Manchester, ndi akuluakulu a boma ku Paris. Komabe pamene zinaonekeratu kuti kolera sinasankhe anthu a m'gulu, ndipo kuti kuipitsidwa kunabwerera patebulo la aliyense, njira zoyeretsera madzi zinyalala za anthu onse zinasiya kukhala chisankho chabwino ndipo zinakhala zofunikira kuti munthu apulumuke.

Ma Echoes: Ulendo Wosatha

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, mbadwo woyamba wa mafakitale oyeretsera madzi otayidwa unayamba kugwira ntchito, makamaka potumikira mizinda ikuluikulu m'maiko otukuka. Komabe, anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi analibe ukhondo wofunikira. Ngakhale zili choncho, maziko ofunikira anali atayikidwa: chitukuko sichimangotanthauza mphamvu zake zopezera chuma, komanso udindo wake wosamalira zinyalala zake.

Masiku ano, titaima m'zipinda zowongolera zowala komanso zokonzedwa bwino, tikuonera deta ikuyenda pazida za digito, n'zovuta kulingalira fungo loipa lomwe linalipo kale pamtsinje wa Thames zaka 160 zapitazo. Komabe inali nthawi imeneyo, yodziwika ndi uve ndi imfa, yomwe inayambitsa kudzuka koyamba kwa anthu mu ubale wawo ndi madzi otayira - kusintha kuchoka pa kupirira kosalekeza kupita ku ulamuliro wogwira ntchito.

Malo onse oyeretsera madzi otayira amakono omwe akugwira ntchito bwino masiku ano akupitiriza kusintha kwa uinjiniya komwe kunayamba mu nthawi ya Victorian. Izi zikutikumbutsa kuti kumbuyo kwa malo oyera kuli kusintha kwa ukadaulo kosalekeza komanso kukhala ndi udindo kosatha.

Mbiri yakale ndi chizindikiro cha kupita patsogolo. Kuyambira m'mabotolo a zimbudzi ku London mpaka m'malo oyeretsera madzi anzeru amakono, kodi ukadaulo wasintha bwanji tsogolo la madzi otayidwa? Mu mutu wotsatira, tibwerera ku zomwe zikuchitika pano, kuyang'ana kwambiri pamavuto ndi malire aukadaulo a kuchotsa madzi otayidwa m'matauni, ndikuwunika momwe mainjiniya amakono akupitirizira kulemba masamba atsopano paulendo wosatha woyeretsa.